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ABOUT THE PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNISM[1]
书名：共产党宣言作者：（德）卡尔·马克思;（德）弗里德里希·恩格斯本章字数： 3284 更新时间： 2024-06-17 13:28:41

I n 1847, Engels wrote two draft programmes for the Communist League in the form of a catechism, one in June and the other in October. The latter, which is known as Principles of Communism,was first published in 1914. The earlier document”Draft of the Communist Confession of Faith”, was only found in 1968. It was first published in 1969 in Hamburg, together with four other documents pertaining to the first congress of the Communist League, in a booklet entitled Gründungs Dokumente des Bundes der Kommunisten (Juni bis September 1847) [Founding Documents of the Communist League].

At the June 1847 Congress of the League of the Just, which was also the founding conference of the Communist League, it was decided to issue a draft”confession of faith” to be submitted for discussion to the sections of the League. The document which has now come to light is almost certainly this draft.Comparison of the two documents shows that Principles of Communism is a revised edition of this earlier draft. In Principles of Communism, Engels left three questions unanswered, in two cases with the notation “unchanged” (bleibt); this clearly refers to the answers provided in the earlier draft. The new draft for the programme was worked out by Engels on the instructions of the leading body of the Paris circle of the Communist League. The instructions were decided on after Engels sharp criticism at the committee meeting, on October 22, 1847, of the draft programme drawn up by the “true socialist” Moses Hess, which was then rejected.

Still considering Principles of Communism as apreliminary draft, Engels expressed the view, in a letter to Marx dated November 23-24 1847, that it would be best to drop the old catechistic form and draw up a programme in the form of a manifesto.

At the second congress of the Communist League(November 29-December 8, 1847) Marx and Engels defended the fundamental scientific principles of communism and were trusted with drafting a programme in the form of a manifesto of the Communist Party. In writing the manifesto the founders of Marxism made use of the propositions enunciated in Principles of Communism.

Engels uses the term Manufaktur, and its derivatives,which have been translated “manufacture”,”manufacturing”, etc., Engels used this word literally, to indicate production by hand, not factory production for which Engels uses “big industry”.Manufaktur differs from handicraft (guild production in mediaeval towns), in that the latter was carried out by independent artisans. Manufacktur is carried out by homeworkers working for merchant capitalists,or by groups of crafts people working together in large workshops owned by capitalists. It is therefore a transitional mode of production, between guild(handicraft) and modern (capitalist) forms of production.

[1]Written: October-November 1847; Source: Selected Works,Volume One, p. 81-97, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1969;first published: 1914, by Eduard Bernstein in the German Social Democratic Party’s Vorw?rts!; translated: Paul Sweezy;Transcribed: Zodiac, MEA 1993; marxists.org 1999; proofed and corrected by Andy Blunden, February 2005. Footnotes are from the Chinese Edition of Marx/Engels Selected Works Peking, Foreign Languages Press, 1977, with editorial additions by marxists.org.